Mexico - Land - 1821 to 1848

• By 1848, the Kumeyaay had regained a tenuous control of all the land that was once theirs from Just beyond Mission Valley to the Colorado River, save for the coastal areas that remained well guarded.

• Kumeyaay adapted to the loss of the coastline, staying off of main travel routes and keeping watch for troop movements with their system of lookouts.

• The Kumeyaay added European fruit trees to their knowledge of agriculture.

• Kumeyaay raids provided them with horses and livestock, as Rancho Jamul, Tecate and Rancho Bernardo were attacked.

• With the establishment of the Guadalupe - Hidalgo Treaty, and the new border, Kumeyaay maintained use of their traditional trails, rather than crossing the border in designated areas. The border remained open until World War II.